1 10 20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spectators Description An account of the resource Information on female spectators. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation Let not the fly lack the honour of a mention in this record of mine, for it too is Nature's handiwork.The flies of Pisa at the season of the Olympic festival make peace, so to speak, both with visitors and with the local inhabitants. At any rate, despite the multitude of sacrifices, the quantity of blood shed and of flesh hung out, the flies disappear of their own free will and cross to the opposite bank of the Alpheius. And they appear to differ not a whit from the women there, except that their behaviour shows them to be more self-restrained than the women. For while women are excluded by the rules of training and of propriety at that season, the flies of their own free will abstain from the sacrifices and absent themselves while the ceremonies are in progress and during the recognised period of the Games. ' Then was the assembly ended ' and the flies come home, just like exiles whom a decree has allowed to return, and once again they stream into Elis. Translation used Alwyn F. Scholfield, Aelian, On Animals, vol. 1: Books 1-5 (= Loeb Classical Library; 446) London 1958. Text Any textual data included in the document ἔστω δὲ καὶ τῇ μυίᾳ παρ᾽ ἡμῶν γέρας μὴ ἀμοιρῆσαι τῆς μνήμης τῆς ἐνταῦθα: φύσεως γάρ τοι καὶ ἐκείνη πλάσμα ἐστίν. αἱ μυῖαι αἱ Πισάτιδες κατὰ τὴν τῶν Ὀλυμπίων ἑορτὴν ὡς ἂν εἴποις σπένδονται καὶ τοῖς ἀφικνουμένοις καὶ τοῖς ἐπιχωρίοις. ἱερείων γοῦν καταθυομένων τοσούτων καὶ αἵματος ἐκχεομένου καὶ κρεμαμένων κρεῶν αἳ δὲ ἀφανίζονται ἑκοῦσαι, καὶ τοῦ γε Ἀλφειοῦ περαιοῦνται ἐς τὴν ἀντιπέρας ὄχθην. καὶ ἐοίκασι τῶν γυναικῶν τῶν ἐπιχωρίων διαλλάττειν οὐδὲ ὀλίγον, εἰ μὴ ἄρα τι ἐγκρατέστεραι αἱ μυῖαι ἐκεῖναι τῶν γυναικῶν ὁμολογοῦνται τοῖς ἔργοις: τὰς μὲν γὰρ ὁ τῆς ἀγωνίας καὶ τῆς κατ᾽ αὐτὴν σωφροσύνης νόμος ἐλαύνει τὰς γυναῖκας, αἱ μυῖαι δὲ ἑκοῦσαι τοῖς ἱεροῖς ἀφίστανται, καὶ ἐν μὲν ταῖς ἱερουργίαις καὶ παρὰ τὸν τῶν ἄθλων χρόνον τὸν νενομισμένον ἀπαλλάττονται. λῦτο δ᾽ ἀγών, αἳ δὲ ἐπιδημοῦσιν, ὥσπερ οὖν καθόδου τυχοῦσαι ψηφίσματι φυγάδες, εἶτα ἐπιρρέουσιν ἐς τὴν Ἦλιν αἱ μυῖαι αὖθις. Edition used Rudolf Hercher (ed.), Claudii Aeliani de natura animalium libri xvii, varia historia, epistolae, fragmenta, vol. 1, Leipzig 1864. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Claudius Aelianus, De Natura Animalium 5.17: ban of women from the Olympic Games Type The nature or genre of the resource Natural history Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2nd/3rd century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Claudius Aelianus exercise Olympia Olympic games Pisa spectators Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spectators Description An account of the resource Information on female spectators. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Commentary The same anecdote is also transmitted, though with several minor and major differences, by Pseudo-Aeschines, Epistulae 4.5; Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 5.6.7-8 and 6.7.2; Scholion on Pindar, Olympia 7.1; Flavius Philostratus, De Gymnastica 17; Plinius Maior, Naturalis Historia 7.133; Valerius Maximus, Facta et Dicta Memorabilia 8.15.12 ext. 4. Translation Pherenice brought her son to compete at the Olympic Games. When the Hellanodicae prevented her from being a spectator at the contest, she appeared before the assembly and pleaded that her father and three brothers were Olympic victors and that she brought her son to compete. In winning over the people she conquered the law barring women from the spectacle and watched the Olympic Games. Translation used translation by Alexander Meeus for the Cynisca project Text Any textual data included in the document Φερενίκη τὸν υἱὸν ἦγεν ἐς Ὀλύμπια ἀθλεῖν. κωλυόντων δὲ αὐτὴν τῶν Ἑλλανοδικῶν τὸν ἀγῶνα θεάσασθαι, παρελθοῦσα ἐδικαιολογήσατο πατέρα μὲν Ὀλυμπιονίκην ἔχειν καὶ τρεῖς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ αὐτὴ παῖδα Ὀλυμπίων ἀγωνιστήν: καὶ ἐξενίκησε τὸν δῆμον καὶ τὸν εἴργοντα νόμον τῆς θέας τὰς γυναῖκας, καὶ ἐθεάσατο Ὀλύμπια. Edition used Rudolf Hercher (ed.), Claudii Aeliani de natura animalium libri xvii, varia historia, epistolae, fragmenta, vol. 2, Leipzig 1866. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Claudius Aelianus, Varia Historia 10.1: Pherenike/ Callipateira breaking the Olympic ban Type The nature or genre of the resource Anecdote collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2nd/3rd century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Claudius Aelianus Callipateira Olympia Olympic games Pherenice spectators Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spectators Description An account of the resource Information on female spectators. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Commentary The oration is adressed to the people of Alexandria. Translation For I behold among you, not merely Greeks and Italians and people from neighbouring Syria, Libya, Cilicia, nor yet Ethiopians and Arabs from more distant regions, but even Bactrians and Scythians and Persians and a few Indians, and all these help to make up the audience in your theatre and sit beside you on each occasion; therefore, while you, perchance, are listening to a single harpist, and that too a man with whom you are well acquainted, you are being listened to by countless peoples who do not know you; and while you are watching three or four charioteers, you yourselves are being watched by countless Greeks and barbarians as well. What, then, do you suppose those people say when they have returned to their homes at the ends of the earth? Do they not say: "We have seen a city that in most respects is admirable and a spectacle that surpasses all human spectacles, with regard both to beauty and sanctuaries and multitude of inhabitants and abundance of all that man requires," going on to describe to their fellow citizens as accurately as possible all the things that I myself named a short while ago — all about the Nile, the land, and the sea, and in particular the epiphany of the god;​ "and yet," they will add, "it is a city that is mad over music and horse-races and in these matters behaves in a manner entirely unworthy of itself. For the Alexandrians are moderate enough when they offer sacrifice or stroll by themselves or engage in their other pursuits; but when they enter the theatre or the stadium, just as if drugs that would madden them lay buried there,​ they lose all consciousness of their former state and are not ashamed to say or do anything that occurs to them. And what is most distressing of all is that, despite their interest in the show, they do not really see, and, though they wish to hear, they do not hear, being evidently out of their senses and deranged — not only men, but even women and children. And when the dreadful exhibition is over and they are dismissed, although the more violent aspect of their disorder has been extinguished, still at street-corners and in alley-ways the malady continues throughout the entire city for several days; just as when a mighty conflagration has died down, you can see for a long time, not only the smoke, but also some portions of the buildings still aflame." Translation used H. Lamar Crosby, Discourses by Dio Chrysostom, vol. 3 (= Loeb Classical Library; 358), Cambridge, MA 1940. Text Any textual data included in the document ἀλλ᾽ ἐν ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις. ὁρῶ γὰρ ἔγωγε οὐ μόνον Ἕλληνας παρ᾽ ὑμῖν οὐδ᾽ Ἰταλοὺς οὐδὲ ἀπὸ τῶν πλησίον Συρίας, Λιβύης, Κιλικίας, οὐδὲ τοὺς ὑπὲρ ἐκείνους Αἰθίοπας οὐδὲ Ἄραβας ἀλλὰ καὶ Βακτρίους καὶ Σκύθας καὶ Πέρσας καὶ Ἰνδῶν τινας, οἳ συνθεῶνται καὶ πάρεισιν ἑκάστοτε ὑμῖν: ὥστε ὑμεῖς μὲν ἀκούετε ἑνός, ἂν οὕτω τύχῃ, κιθαρῳδοῦ, καὶ τούτου συνήθους, ἀκούεσθεδὲ ὑπὸ μυρίων ἐθνῶν οὐκ ἐπισταμένων ὑμᾶς, καὶ ὁρᾶτε μὲν τρεῖς ἢ τέτταρας ἡνιόχους, ὁρᾶσθε δὲ ὑπὸ τοσούτων μὲν Ἑλλήνων, τοσούτων δὲ βαρβάρων. τί οὖν οἴεσθε τούτους ἐπὶ γῆς πέρατα ἐλθόντας λέγειν; οὐχ ὡς πόλιν εἴδομεν τὰ μὲν ἄλλα θαυμαστὴν καὶ τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων θεαμάτων πάντων κρεῖττον θέαμα, κόσμῳτε ἱερῶν καὶ πλήθει πολιτῶν καὶ τῶν ἐπιτηδείων περιουσίᾳ, πάντα ἀκριβῶς διεξιόντας ὡς ἂν δύνωνται τοῖς αὑτῶν, ἃ καὶ μικρὸν ἔμπροσθεν εἶπον, τὰ τοῦ Νείλου καὶ τῆς χώρας καὶ τῆς θαλάττης καὶ τὸ μέγιστον τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν τοῦ θεοῦ: μαινομένην δὲ ὑπὸ ᾠδῆς καὶ δρόμων ἱππικῶν καὶ μηδὲν ἄξιον πράττουσαν ἐν τούτοις ἑαυτῆς; οἱ γὰρ ἄνθρωποι θύοντες μέν εἰσι μέτριοι καὶ βαδίζοντες καθ᾽ αὑτοὺς καὶ τἄλλα πράττοντες: ὅταν δὲ εἰς τὸ θέατρον εἰσέλθωσιν ἢ τὸ στάδιον, ὥσπερ φαρμάκων αὐτοῖς ἐκεῖ κατορωρυγμένων, οὐδὲν οἴδασι τῶν προτέρων οὐδὲ αἰσχύνονται λέγειν ἢ ποιεῖν ὅ, τι ἂν αὐτοῖς ἐπέλθῃ. τὸ δὲ πάντων χαλεπώτατον, ἐσπουδακότες περὶ τὴν θέαν οὐχ ὁρῶσι καὶ ἀκούειν ἐθέλοντες οὐκ ἀκούουσι, σαφῶς ἐξεστηκότες καὶ παρανοοῦντες, οὐκ ἄνδρες μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παῖδες καὶ γύναια. ἐπειδὰν δὲ παύσηται τὸ δεινὸν καὶ διαλυθῶσι, τὸ μὲν ἀκμαιότερον ἔσβεσται τῆς ταραχῆς: ἔτι δὲ ἔν τε συνόδοις καὶ στενωποῖς μένει καὶ δι᾽ ὅλης τῆς πόλεως ἐπὶ συχνὰς ἡμέρας: καθάπερ ἐμπρησμοῦ μεγάλου λήξαντος ἰδεῖν ἔστι μέχρι πολλοῦ τήν τε λιγνὺν καὶ μέρη τινὰ φλεγόμενα. Edition used Hans von Arnim (ed.), Dionis Prusaensis quem vocant Chrysostomum quae exstant omnia, vol. 1, Berlin 1893. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dio Chrysostomus, Orationes 32.40-42: spectators in Alexandria Type The nature or genre of the resource Oration Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 40 - after 111 CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dio Chrysostomus Alexandria horse race musical contest spectators Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spectators Description An account of the resource Information on female spectators. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation Amphictyon's example was followed by the Ionians who, leaving Europe, settled in the maritime parts of Caria, and also by the Dorians, who built their cities in the same region and erected temples at the common expense — the Ionians building the temple of Diana at Ephesus and the Dorians that of Apollo at Triopium — where they assembled with their wives and children at the appointed times, joined together in sacrificing and celebrating the festival, engaged in various contests, equestrian, gymnastic and musical, and made joint offerings to the gods. After they had witnessed the spectacles, celebrated the festival, and received the other evidences of goodwill from one another, if any difference had arisen between one city and another, arbiters sat in judgment and decided the controversy; and they also consulted together concerning the means both of carrying on the war against the barbarians and of maintaining their mutual concord. Translation used Earnest Cary, Roman Antiquities. Dionysius of Harlicarnassus, vol. 2 (= Loeb Classical Library; 347), Cambridge, MA 1939. Text Any textual data included in the document παρ᾽ οὗ τὸ παράδειγμα λαβόντες Ἴωνές θ᾽ οἱ μεταθέμενοι τὴν οἴκησιν ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης εἰς τὰ παραθαλάττια τῆς Καρίας καὶ Δωριεῖς οἱ περὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς τόπους τὰς πόλεις ἱδρυσάμενοι ἱερὰ κατεσκεύασαν ἀπὸ κοινῶν ἀναλωμάτων: Ἴωνες μὲν ἐν Ἐφέσῳ τὸ τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος, Δωριεῖς δ᾽ ἐπὶ Τριοπίῳ τὸ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος: ἔνθα συνιόντες γυναιξὶν ὁμοῦ καὶ τέκνοις κατὰ τοὺς ἀποδειχθέντας χρόνους συνέθυόν τε καὶ συνεπανηγύριζον καὶ ἀγῶνας ἐπετέλουν ἱππικοὺς καὶ γυμνικοὺς καὶ τῶν περὶ μουσικὴν ἀκουσμάτων καὶ τοὺς θεοὺς ἀναθήμασι κοινοῖς ἐδωροῦντο. θεωρήσαντες δὲ καὶ πανηγυρίσαντες καὶ τὰς ἄλλας φιλοφροσύνας παρ᾽ ἀλλήλων ἀναλαβόντες, εἴ τι πρόσκρουσμα πόλει πρὸς πόλιν ἐγεγόνει, δικασταὶ καθεζόμενοι διῄτων καὶ περὶ τοῦ πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους πολέμου καὶ περὶ τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὁμοφροσύνης κοινὰς ἐποιοῦντο βουλάς. Edition used Karl Jacoby (ed.), Dionysii Halicarnasei Antiquitatum Romanarum quae supersunt, vol. 2, Leipzig 1888. Commentary Dionysius is discussing historical examples of increasing the unity of a community through the foundation of a common festival. He begins with a foundation myth of the panhellenic League protecting the sanctuary of Delphi and organizing its games, the so-called Amphictyony. This league, he claims, was founded by Amphictyon, the son of the mythical progenitor of the Greeks, Hellen. After this follows the present passage in which he claims that the Greeks of Ionia and Caria in Asia Minor followed the example of Amphictyon in founding their communal festivals, respectively at Ephesus and Triopium.<br /><br />The passage clearly relies on <a href="https://fdz.bib.uni-mannheim.de/cynisca/items/show/79">Thucydides 3.104.3–4</a>, where an Athenian festival on Delos is compared with the one in Ephesus. Dionysius seems to have added the Carian example himself as his hometown of Halicarnassus was in Caria, but it is unclear whether he knew of the attendance of women and children at the festival in Triopium or merely took it for granted. He is clearly speaking about the past and it is debated whether the festival still existed in his time. Moreover, Halicarnassus seems to have been excluded from the festival in the fifth century BCE and we do not know where Dionysius got his information.<br /><br />The festival is studied by Berges &amp; Tuna 2001 and Zingg 2018, 34–47, but they do not discuss the question of female involvement. Bibliography Berges, D. – N. Tuna (2001). <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44465284">Kult–, Wettkampf– und politische Versammlungsstätte: Das Triopion – Bundesheiligtum der dorischen Pentapolis</a>, in: Antike Welt 32, 155–166.<br /><br /> <div class="csl-bib-body"> <div data-csl-entry-id="bff614b3-fcb4-3f97-a0eb-0fd3b0d9b74e" class="csl-entry">Zingg, E. (2018). <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26831899">Apollon in Knidos</a>, in: Museum Helveticum 75, 25–55.</div> </div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dionysius Halicarnassensis, Antiquitates Romanae 4.25.4-5: female spectators at communal festivals in Ionia and Caria Type The nature or genre of the resource Historiography Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1st century BCE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dionysius Halicarnassensis contest spectators Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spectators Description An account of the resource Information on female spectators. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation At the Pythia and the Isthmia and wherever else in the world games are held, the trainer is dressed in a tunic as he coaches the athlete, and no one could undress him against his will, but at Olympia he supervises (him) naked. Some think that the Eleans test whether the trainer, in the summer season, can endure and bear the heat. But the Eleans provide the following reason: Pherenice of Rhodes was the daughter of Diagoras the boxer and she had such a strong disposition that at first she was taken for a man. Indeed, she was dressed in a tunic while she trained her son Peisirodus in Olympia. He too was a boxer, skillful at his art and in no way inferior to his ancestor. When they found out the ruse, the Eleans hesitated to condemn Pherenice to death, thinking of Diagoras and Diagoras’ children – for Pherenice’s family were all Olympic victors –, but a law was made that the trainer has to strip naked and that he must not be untested by them. Translation used translation by Alexander Meeus for the Cynisca project Text Any textual data included in the document Πυθοῖ μὲν οὖν καὶ Ἰσθμοῖ καὶ ὅπου ποτὲ τῆς γῆς ἐτέθησαν ἀγῶνες, τρίβωνα ὁ γυμναστὴς ἀμπεχόμενος ἀλείφει τὸν ἀθλητὴν καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀποδύσει ἄκοντα, ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ δὲ γυμνὸς ἐφέστηκεν, ὡς μὲν δόξα ἐνίων, διελέγχοντες Ἠλεῖοι τὸν γυμναστὴν ὥρᾳ ἔτους, εἰ καρτερεῖν οἶδε καὶ θέρεσθαι, ὡς δὲ Ἠλεῖοί φασι, Φερενίκη ἡ Ῥοδία ἐγένετο Διαγόρου θυγάτηρ τοῦ πύκτου, καὶ τὸ ἦθος ἡ Φερενίκη οὕτω τι ἔῤῥωτο, ὡς Ἠλείοις τὰ πρῶτα ἀνὴρ δόξαι. περιῄει γοῦν ὑπὸ τρίβωνι ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ καὶ Πεισίροδον τὸν ἑαυτῆς υἱὸν ἐγύμναζε. πύκτης δὲ ἄρα κἀκεῖνος ἦν, εὔχειρ τὴν τέχνην καὶ μείων οὐδὲν τοῦ πάππου. ἐπεὶ δὲ ξυνῆκαν τῆς ἀπάτης, ἀποκτεῖναι μὲν τὴν Φερενίκην ὤκνησαν ἐνθυμηθέντες τὸν Διαγόραν καὶ τοὺς Διαγόρου παῖδας — ὁ γὰρ Φερενίκης οἶκος Ὀλυμπιονῖκαι πάντες — νόμος δὲ ἐγράφη τὸν γυμναστὴν ἀποδύεσθαι καὶ μηδὲ τοῦτον ἀνέλεγκτον αὐτοῖς εἶναι. Edition used Carl Ludwig Kayser (ed.), Flavii Philostrati Opera, vol. 2, Leipzig 1871. Commentary The same anecdote is also transmitted, though with several minor and major differences, by Pseudo-Aeschines, Epistulae 4.5; Claudius Aelianus, Varia Historia 10.1; Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 5.6.7-8 and 6.7.2; Scholion on Pindar, Olympia 7.1; Plinius Maior, Naturalis Historia 7.133; Valerius Maximus, Facta et Dicta Memorabilia 8.15.12 ext. 4. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flavius Philostratus, De Gymnastica 17: Pherenike/ Callipateira breaking the Olympic ban Type The nature or genre of the resource Treatise on Greek athletic history and practice Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2nd/3rd century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Flavius Philostratus Callipateira Eleans Isthmian games nudity Olympia Olympic games Peisirodus Pherenice Pythian games Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spectators Description An account of the resource Information on female spectators. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation [...] Then he put on his armour and stood at the starting point, panting because of the great desire he had to run, and scarcely able to tarry for the sound of the trumpet. It was a goodly sight and worthy to be looked at, much like that wherein Homer bringeth in Achilles as he ran at Scamander. All Greece was moved at this deed, which fell contrary to their expectation, and wished the victory to Theagenes as heartily as if every man had run himself. For comeliness of person is of great force to get the good will of men. Chariclea also was moved beyond measure, and since I looked upon her a great while, I espied how her countenance diversely changed. For after the herald had in all men’s hearing named those that were to run, Ormenus, an Arcadian and Theagenes, a Thessalian, they left their standings and began the race, going with such speed that men could scarce behold them. Then the maid could not keep quiet any more, but her limbs were moved and her feet leapt into the air, as though her mind was with Theagenes helping him in the race. All those that looked on waited to see what the end would be and were very anxious; most of all I, who had now determined with myself to have like care for him as if he had been my son. After they had run the middle of the race,' said Calasiris, 'Theagenes turned a little about and frowning upon Ormenus lifted up his shield aloft, and stretching out his neck with his eyes fast fixed on Chariclea, he flew toward her like an arrow to its mark, so that the Arcadian was left many yards behind; which quantity of ground was after measured. Then running to Chariclea he of purpose fell into her lap, as though he could not stay himself, and when he took the garland from her I saw well enough that he kissed her hand.' Translation used Thomas Underdowne, rev. and rewr. by F. A. Wright, Heliodorus, An Aethiopian Romance, London 1923. Text Any textual data included in the document [...] καὶ τὴν πανοπλίαν ἐνδὺς ἐφειστήκει τῇ βαλβῖδι τὸν δρόμον ἀσθμαίνων καὶ τὸ παρὰ τῆς σάλπιγγος ἐνδόσιμον ἄκων καὶ μόγις ἀναμένων, σεμνόν τι θέαμα καὶ περίβλεπτον καὶ οἷον Ὅμηρος τὸν Ἀχιλλέα τὴν ἐπὶ Σκαμάνδρῳ μάχην ἀθλοῦντα παρίστησιν. Ἐκεκίνητο μὲν δὴ καὶ πᾶσα πρὸς τὸ παράδοξον ἡ Ἑλλὰς καὶ Θεαγένει νίκην ηὔχετο καθάπερ αὐτός τις ἕκαστος ἀγωνιζόμενος, ἐπακτικὸν γάρ τι καὶ πρῶτον ὁρώντων εἰς εὔνοιαν τὸ κάλλος· ἐκεκίνητο δὲ ἡ Χαρίκλεια πρὸς πᾶσαν ὑπερβολὴν καὶ εἶδον ἐκ πολλοῦ παρατηρῶν παντοίας μεταβαλλομένην ἰδέας. Ὡς γὰρ εἰς ἀκοὴν πάντων ὁ κῆρυξ τοὺς δραμουμένους κατήγγειλεν ἀνεῖπέ τε »Ὄρμενος Ἀρκὰς καὶ Θεαγένης Θετταλός«, ἔσχαστο μὲν ἡ ὕσπληξ τέτατο δὲ ὁ δρόμος μικροῦ καὶ τὴν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν κατάληψιν ὑποτέμνων· ἐνταῦθα οὔτε ἀτρεμεῖν ἔτι κατεῖχεν ἡ κόρη ἀλλ´ ἐσφάδαζεν ἡ βάσις καὶ οἱ πόδες ἔσκαιρον ὥσπερ, οἶμαι, τῆς ψυχῆς τῷ Θεαγένει συνεξαιρομένης καὶ τὸν δρόμον συμπροθυμουμένης. Οἱ μὲν δὴ θεαταὶ μετέωρος ἅπας ἐπὶ τὸ μέλλον καὶ ἀγωνίας ἀνάμεστος, ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ πλέον ἅτε μοι λοιπὸν ὡς παιδὸς ὑπερφροντίζειν προῃρημένον. «Ἐπεὶ δὴ μέσον, ὦ Κνήμων, ἠνύετο τὸ στάδιον, ὀλίγον ἐπιστρέψας καὶ ὑποβλέψας τὸν Ὄρμενον ἀνακουφίζει τὴν ἀσπίδα πρὸς ὕψος καὶ τὸν αὐχένα διεγείρας τὸ βλέμμα τε ὅλον εἰς τὴν Χαρίκλειαν τείνας καθάπερ βέλος ἐπὶ σκοπὸν ἐφέρετο καὶ τοσοῦτον παρέφθη τὸν Ἀρκάδα ὀργυιῶν πλῆθος ὃ διαλεῖπον εἰς ὕστερον ἐμετρήθη. Προσδραμὼν οὖν τῇ Χαρικλείᾳ πολύς τε ἐξεπίτηδες εἰς τὸ στέρνον ἐμπίπτει, τοῦ δρόμου δῆθεν τὴν ῥύμην οὐκ ἐνεγκών, καὶ τὸν φοίνικα κομιζόμενος οὐκ ἔλαθέ με τὴν χεῖρα τῆς κόρης φιλῶν.» Edition used R.M. Rattenbury (ed.), Héliodore. Les Éthiopiques (Théagène et Chariclée), vol. 2, Paris 1938. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Heliodorus Emesenus, Aethiopica 4.3.1-4.4.2: the novel's protagonist Chariclea at the Pythian Games Type The nature or genre of the resource Novel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ca. 3rd/4th century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Heliodorus Emesenus Chariklea contest race Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spectators Description An account of the resource Information on female spectators. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation Thus far this book is written entirely for you, chaste matron. Do you ask for whom the sequel is written? For myself. The gymnasium, the warm baths, the race-course, are here; you must retire. We lay aside our garments; spare yourself the sight of us in that state. Here at last, after her wine and crowns of roses, Terpsichore is intoxicated, and, laying aside all restraint, knows not what she says. She names no longer in doubtful guise, but openly, that deity whom triumphant Venus welcomes to her temple in the sixth month of the year; whom the bailiff stations as protector in the midst of his garden, and at whom all modest maidens gaze with hand before the face. If I know you well, you were laying down the long book from weariness; now you will read diligently to the end. Translation used Henry G. Bohn, Martial, Epigrams, Book 3, London 1897. Text Any textual data included in the document Huc est usque tibi scriptus, matrona, libellus. Cui sint scripta, rogas, interiora? mihi. Gymnasium, thermae, stadium est hac parte: recede. Exuimur: nudos parce videre viros. Hinc iam deposito post vina rosasque pudore, Quid dicat, nescit saucia Terpsichore: Schemate nec dubio, sed aperte nominat illam, Quam recipit sexto mense superba Venus, Custodem medio statuit quam vilicus horto, Opposita spectat quam proba virgo manu. Si bene te novi, longum iam lassa libellum Ponebas, totum nunc studiosa leges. Edition used Wilhelm Heraeus/Jacobus Borovskij (eds.), Martialis, Epigrammaton libri, Leipzig 1925. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Martialis, Epigrammata 3.68: the inappropriateness of women seeing naked athletes Type The nature or genre of the resource Epigram Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 40 - 103/4 CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Martialis baths gymnasion race Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spectators Description An account of the resource Information on female spectators. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation After justice, let us consider moderation and prudence. There are two proofs of moderation: the public administration and the private households. Public administration includes the education of boys and girls, marriages and cohabitation, and laws about crimes against good order. Also, there are many cities which appoint overseers of women’s behavior. In other cities it is improper for a young person to appear in public before market time or after dark, or for a woman to sell goods or to do any of the other things that happen in the marketplace. At some festivals women do not appear at all, for instance in Olympia. We must, then, pay special attention to these things in encomia. As to private life, consider whether adultery and other crimes occur very rarely in the city. Translation used translation by Alexander Meeus for the Cynisca project Text Any textual data included in the document Μετὰ δὲ τὴν δικαιοσύνην [καὶ] τὴν σωφροσύνην καὶ τὴν φρόνησιν ἐπισκεψώμεθα. σωφροσύνης μὲν οὖν διττὸς ἔλεγχος, ἔν τε τῇ κοινῇ πολιτείᾳ καὶ τοῖς ἰδίοις οἴκοις. ἐν πολιτείᾳ μὲν κοινῇ περί τε παίδων ἀγωγῆν καὶ παρθένων καὶ γάμων καὶ συνοικήσεων καὶ τῶν νομίμων τῶν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασιν τοῖς ἀκόσμοις. καὶ γὰρ γυναικονόμους πολλαὶ τῶν πόλεών εἰσιν αἳ χειροτονοῦσιν. ἐν ἄλλαις δὲ τῶν πόλεων οὔτε πρὸ πληθούσης ἀγορᾶς νέον φαίνεσθαι οὔτε μετὰ δείλην ὀψίαν καλόν, οὐδὲ γυναῖκα καπηλεύειν ἢ ἄλλο τι ποιεῖν τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἀγοράν. ἐν ἐνίαις δὲ πανηγύρεσιν οὐδὲ γυναῖκες φαίνονται, ὥσπερ ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ. χρὴ τοίνυν καὶ ταῦτα ἐν τοῖς ἐγκωμίοις παρατηρεῖν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἰδίοις βίοις ἤδη καὶ εἰ ἐλάχιστα μοιχεία καὶ ἄλλα ἁμαρτήματα ἐν τῇ πόλει φαίνεται. Edition used Leonhard Spengel (ed.), Rhetores graeci, vol. 3, Leipzig 1856. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Menander Rhetor, 1.364 (1.16.20–21): regulations about women's attendance Type The nature or genre of the resource Rhetorical treaty Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource second half of the 3rd century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Menander Rhetor Festival regulations Olympia Olympic games spectators Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spectators Description An account of the resource Information on female spectators. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Commentary The same anecdote is also transmitted, though with several minor and major differences, by Pseudo-Aeschines, Epistulae 4.5; Scholion to Pindar, Olympian 7.1; Flavius Philostratus, De Gymnastica 17; Claudius Aelianus, Varia Historia 10.1; Plinius Maior, Naturalis Historia 7.133; Valerius Maximus, Facta et Dicta Memorabilia 8.15.12 ext. 4. Translation Paus. 5.6.7-8: As you go from Scillus along the road to Olympia, before you cross the Alpheius,there is a mountain with high, precipitous cliffs. It is called Mount Typaeum. It is a law of Elis to cast down it any women who are caught present at the Olympic games, or even on the other side of the Alpheius, on the days prohibited to women. However, they say that no woman has been caught, except Callipateira only; some, however, give the lady the name of Pherenice and not Callipateira. She, being a widow, disguised herself exactly like a gymnastic trainer, and brought her son to compete at Olympia. Peisirodus, for so her son was called, was victorious, and Callipateira, as she was jumping over the enclosure in which they keep the trainers shut up, bared her person. So her sex was discovered, but they let her go unpunished out of respect for her father, her brothers and her son, all of whom had been victorious at Olympia. But a law was passed that for the future trainers should strip before entering the arena. Paus. 6.7.2: These were brothers, being sons of Diagoras, and by them is set up also a statue of Diagoras himself, who won a victory for boxing in the men's class. The statue of Diagoras was made by the Megarian Callicles, the son of the Theocosmus who made the image of Zeus at Megara. The sons too of the daughters of Diagoras practised boxing and won Olympic victories: in the men's class Eucles, son of Callianax and Callipateira, daughter of Diagoras; in the boys' class Peisirodus, whose mother dressed herself as a man and a trainer, and took her son herself to the Olympic games. Translation used William H. S. Jones/ Henry A. Ormerod, Pausanias, Description of Greece, vol. 2, Books 3–5 (= Loeb Classical Library; 188), London 1918. William H. S. Jones, Pausanias, Description of Greece, vol. 3, Books 6-8.21 (= Loeb Classical Library; 272), London 1933. Text Any textual data included in the document 5.6.7-8: κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἐς Ὀλυμπίαν ὁδόν, πρὶν ἢ διαβῆναι τὸν Ἀλφειόν, ἔστιν ὄρος ἐκ Σκιλλοῦντος ἐρχομένῳ πέτραις ὑψηλαῖς ἀπότομον: ὀνομάζεται δὲ Τυπαῖον τὸ ὄρος. κατὰ τούτου τὰς γυναῖκας Ἠλείοις ἐστὶν ὠθεῖν νόμος, ἢν φωραθῶσιν ἐς τὸν ἀγῶνα ἐλθοῦσαι τὸν Ὀλυμπικὸν ἢ καὶ ὅλως ἐν ταῖς ἀπειρημέναις σφίσιν ἡμέραις διαβᾶσαι τὸν Ἀλφειόν. οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἁλῶναι λέγουσιν οὐδεμίαν, ὅτι μὴ Καλλιπάτειραν μόνην: εἰσὶ δὲ οἳ τὴν αὐτὴν ταύτην Φερενίκην καὶ οὐ Καλλιπάτειραν καλοῦσιν. αὕτη προαποθανόντος αὐτῇ τοῦ ἀνδρός, ἐξεικάσασα αὑτὴν τὰ πάντα ἀνδρὶ γυμναστῇ, ἤγαγεν ἐς Ὀλυμπίαν τὸν υἱὸν μαχούμενον: νικῶντος δὲ τοῦ Πεισιρόδου, τὸ ἔρυμα ἐν ᾧ τοὺς γυμναστὰς ἔχουσιν ἀπειλημμένους, τοῦτο ὑπερπηδῶσα ἡ Καλλιπάτειρα ἐγυμνώθη. φωραθείσης δὲ ὅτι εἴη γυνή, ταύτην ἀφιᾶσιν ἀζήμιον καὶ τῷ πατρὶ καὶ ἀδελφοῖς αὐτῆς καὶ τῷ παιδὶ αἰδῶ νέμοντες—ὑπῆρχον δὴ ἅπασιν αὐτοῖς Ὀλυμπικαὶ νῖκαι—, ἐποίησαν δὲ νόμον ἐς τὸ ἔπειτα ἐπὶ τοῖς γυμνασταῖς γυμνοὺς σφᾶς ἐς τὸν ἀγῶνα ἐσέρχεσθαι. 6.7.2: οὗτοι μὲν ἀδελφοί τέ εἰσι καὶ Διαγόρου παῖδες, ἐπὶ δὲ αὐτοῖς κεῖται καὶ ὁ Διαγόρας, πυγμῆς ἐν ἀνδράσιν ἀνελόμενος νίκην: τοῦ Διαγόρου δὲ τὴν εἰκόνα Μεγαρεὺς εἰργάσατο Καλλικλῆς Θεοκόσμου τοῦ ποιήσαντος τὸ ἄγαλμα ἐν Μεγάροις τοῦ Διός. Διαγόρου δὲ καὶ οἱ τῶν θυγατέρων παῖδες πύξ τε ἤσκησαν καὶ ἔσχον Ὀλυμπικὰς νίκας, ἐν μὲν ἀνδράσιν Εὐκλῆς Καλλιάνακτός τε ὢν καὶ Καλλιπατείρας τῆς Διαγόρου, Πεισίροδος δὲ ἐν παισίν, ὃν ἡ μήτηρ ἀνδρὸς ἐπιθεμένη γυμναστοῦ σχῆμα ἐπὶ τῶν Ὀλυμπίων αὐτὴ τὸν ἀγῶνα ἤγαγεν. Edition used Frederick Spiro (ed.), Pausaniae Graeciae Descriptio, vol. 2, Leipzig 1903. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 5.6.7-8 and 6.7.2: Pherenike/ Callipateira breaking the Olympic ban Type The nature or genre of the resource Travel writing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource mid 2nd century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pausanias Callipateira contest Diagoras Elis nudity Olympia Olympic games Peisirodus Pherenice spectators Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spectators Description An account of the resource Information on female spectators. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation [...] Now the stadium is an embankment of earth, and on it is a seat for the presidents of the games. Opposite the umpires is an altar of white marble; seated on this altar a woman looks on at the Olympic games, the priestess of Demeter Chamyne, which office the Eleans bestow from time to time on different women. Maidens are not debarred from looking on at the games. [...] Translation used William H. S. Jones, Pausanias, Description of Greece, vol. 3, Books 6-8.21 (= Loeb Classical Library; 272), London 1933. Text Any textual data included in the document [...] τὸ μὲν δὴ στάδιον γῆς χῶμά ἐστι, πεποίηται δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ καθέδρα τοῖς τιθεῖσι τὸν ἀγῶνα. ἔστι δὲ ἀπαντικρὺ τῶν Ἑλλανοδικῶν βωμὸς λίθου λευκοῦ: ἐπὶ τούτου καθεζομένη τοῦ βωμοῦ θεᾶται γυνὴ τὰ Ὀλύμπια, ἱέρεια Δήμητρος Χαμύνης, τιμὴν ταύτην ἄλλοτε ἄλλην λαμβάνουσα παρὰ Ἠλείων. παρθένους δὲ οὐκ εἴργουσι θεᾶσθαι. [...] Edition used Frederick Spiro (ed.), Pausaniae Graeciae Descriptio, vol. 2, Leipzig 1903. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 6.20.8-9: the priestess of <span>Demeter Chamyne and maidens as spectators in Olympia</span> Type The nature or genre of the resource Travel writing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource mid 2nd century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pausanias Chamyne contest Demeter Eleans priestesses spectators