3 10 27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation At many of the laws of thy wrestling-grounds do I marvel, O Sparta, but most at the plenteous blessings of the schools where thy women train, inasmuch as a girl may without blame disport her body naked among wrestling men, when the swift-thrown ball cheats the player's grasp and the hooked rod clanks against the rolling hoop, and dust-besprinkled the woman stands at the race's furthest goal and endures wounds in the cruel boxing-match. Now she binds the glove to her hands that rejoice in its thongs, now whirls in a circle the discus' flying weight ; now with hoar-frost sprinkling her hair she follows her father's hounds o'er the long ridges of Taygetus, now tramples the ring with her steeds, girds the sword to her snowy flank and shields her virgin head with hollow bronze, like the warrior throng of Amazons who bathe bare-bosomed in Thermodon’s stream, or as Pollux and Castor on Eurotas’ sands, the one destined to conquer with his fists, the other with his steeds: amid these twain, men say, Helen bared her breasts and carried arms, nor called a blush to her brother's cheek. Thus Sparta’s law forbids lovers to hold aloof and grants to each to walk by his mistress’ side in the open streets ; there none fear for her honour nor keep her under watch and ward: there none need dread the bitter vengeance of some stern husband. Thou needst no herald ; thyself thou mayst speak of thine own business; no long delay shall affront thee. No raiment of Tyrian purple beguiles the wandering eyes of lovers, nor shall thy mistress vex thee with long tiring of her scented hair. But here my love goes girt by a vast crowd, leaving no narrow passage whereby so much as a finger may reach her. Nor canst thou discover what mien to wear nor with what words to proffer thy request: shrouded in darkness is the path o'er which the lover ponders. But if thou, O Rome, wouldst but follow the laws and wrestling of the Spartans, then wouldst thou be the dearer to me for this blessing. Translation used Harold Edgeworth Butler, Propertius (= Loeb Classical Library; 18), Cambridge, MA 1912. Text Any textual data included in the document Multa tuae, Sparte, miramur iura palaestrae, sed mage virginei tot bona gymnasii, quod non infamis exercet corpore ludos inter luctantis nuda puella viros, cum pila velocis fallit per bracchia iactus, increpat et versi clavis adunca trochi, pulverulentaque ad extremas stat femina metas, et patitur duro vulnera pancratio: nunc ligat ad caestum gaudentia bracchia loris, missile nunc disci pondus in orbe rotat, et modo Taygeti, crinis aspersa pruina, sectatur patrios per iuga longa canes: gyrum pulsat equis, niveum latus ense revincit, virgineumque cavo protegit aere caput, qualis Amazonidum nudatis bellica mammis Thermodontiacis turba lavatur aquis; qualis et Eurotae Pollux et Castor harenis, hic victor pugnis, ille futurus equis, inter quos Helene nudis capere arma papillis fertur nec fratres erubuisse deos. lex igitur Spartana vetat secedere amantes, et licet in triviis ad latus esse suae, nec timor aut ullast clausae tutela puellae, nec gravis austeri poena cavenda viri. nullo praemisso de rebus tute loquaris ipse tuis: longae nulla repulsa morae. nec Tyriae vestes errantia lumina fallunt, est neque odoratae cura molesta comae. at nostra ingenti vadit circumdata turba, nec digitum angustast inseruisse via; nec quae sit facies nec quae sint verba rogandi invenias: caecum versat amator iter. quod si iura fores pugnasque imitata Laconum, carior hoc esses tu mihi, Roma, bono. Edition used Lucianus Mueller (ed.), Sex. Propertii Elegiae (= Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana), Leipzig 1910. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Propertius, Elegies 3.14: eroticizing female athletics in Sparta Type The nature or genre of the resource Elegy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1st BCE – 1st CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Propertius exercise Helena nudity race Rome Sparta wrestling Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation So you are convinced that toiling is the cause of not toiling. For you would not have given birth so effortlessly if you had not continued to toil like the athletes while you were pregnant. But many women are enfeebled when they are pregnant. When they give birth – those who happen to survive, that is – they produce unhealthy babies. Translation used translation by Alexander Meeus for the Cynisca project Text Any textual data included in the document πέπεισαι ἄρα ὅτι τὸ πονεῖν αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ μὴ πονεῖν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν ὧδέ γ’ εὐμαρῶς ἀπέτεκες, εἰ μὴ κύουσα ἐπόνεις ὥσπερ οἱ ἀγωνισταί. ἀλλ’ αἱ πολλαὶ γυναῖκες, ἐπειδὰν κύωσι, θρύπτονται· ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἀποτέκωσιν, αἷς δ’ ἂν συμβῇ περισωθῆναι, νοσερὰ τὰ βρέφη γεννῶνται. Edition used R. Hercher (ed.), Epistolographi Graeci, recensuit, recognovit, adnotatione critica et indicibus instruxit Rudolphus Hercher; accedunt Francisci Boissonadii ad Synesium notae ineditae, Paris 1873. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pseudo-Crates, Epistula 33.1: the effect of exercise on pregnancies and labor Type The nature or genre of the resource Letter Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1st/2nd century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pseudo-Crates exercise health pregnancy women's bodies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation One should also consider what kind of contest has been organized. If it is both musical and athletic, observe that the contest is the most well-rounded and complete, combining both strength of the body and beauty of the voice as well as all other aspects of music. If it is athletic only, observe that it has left out music because it makes the soul effeminate, whereas it has included physical strength, and that this kind of contest is useful for the purpose of the manliness that is required in war. Translation used translation by Alexander Meeus for the Cynisca project Text Any textual data included in the document Σκοπεῖσθαι δὲ καὶ τὸν τρόπον τῆς διαθέσεως τοῦ ἀγῶνος δεῖ. εἰ μὲν μουσικὸς καὶ γυμνικὸς εἴη, ὅτι τελεώτατος ὁ ἀγὼν καὶ ἀνενδεῶς κεκραμένος καὶ ῥώμῃ σωμάτων καὶ καλλιφωνίᾳ καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς μέρεσι τῆς μουσικῆς· εἰ δὲ γυμνικός, ὅτι τὴν μουσικὴν ὡς ἐκθηλύνουσαν τὴν ψυχὴν παρῃτήσατο, τὴν δὲ ῥώμην τῶν σωμάτων παρέλαβεν, καὶ ὅτι ὁ τρόπος τῆς ἀγωνίας χρήσιμος πρὸς τὴν ἀνδρείαν τὴν ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις. Edition used Hermann Usener/Ludwig Radermacher (ed.), Dionysii Halicarnasei quae exstant, vol. 6, Opusculorum volumen secundum (Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana), Leipzig 1929. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pseudo-Dionysius Halicarnassensis, 1. Panegyricus 5: sport and masculinity  Type The nature or genre of the resource Rhetorical handbook Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 3rd century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pseudo-Dionysius Halicarnassensis contest exercise musical contest Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Commentary As is not uncommon in the Suda, for Lycurgus there are two entries on the same person. Whilst the first one (Λ823) is rather short, the second one is a compartively long Suda lemma, from which only the beginning is offered here. It is noteworthy that out of all of Lycurgus' regulations the one about sports for maidens is the very first one to be mentioned. The information in this entry mostly goes back to Xenophon and Plutatch, wheres the first Lycurgus entry is based on the scholia on Plato.<br /><br />The complete lemma can be read at the <a href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/lambda/824">Suda On Line webpage</a>. Translation Spartiate, descendant of Prokles; lawgiver. They say he got his laws either from Crete or from the god. The Pythia also addressed him as a god. This man also legislated for physical training for virgins; and that men should not have continual intercourse with their wives (...). Translation used “Lykourgos”. Suda On Line. Tr. D. Graham J. Shipley. 16 February 2002. http://www.stoa.org/sol-entries/lambda/824 (consulted on 6 September 2022) CC BY-NC-SA 1.0 Text Any textual data included in the document Λυκοῦργος, Σπαρτιάτης, Προκλέους ἀπόγονος, νομοθέτης, ὥς φασιν ἢ ἐκ Κρήτης ἢ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοὺς νόμους λαβών: ὃν καὶ θεὸν ἡ Πυθία προσηγόρευσεν. οὗτος καὶ γυμνάσια παρθένων ἐνομοθέτησε καὶ τὸ μὴ δεῖν συνεχεῖς ὁμιλίας πρὸς τὰς γυναῖκας ποιεῖσθαι. Edition used A. Adler, Suidae lexicon (Lexicographi Graeci 1), vol. 3, Κ-Ο.Ω, Leipzig 1933. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Suda s.v. Lycurgus (Λ824): Lycurgus and the introduction of female athletics in Sparta Type The nature or genre of the resource Encyclopedia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10th/11th century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anonymous exercise Lycurgus Sparta Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Commentary The so-called "old scholia" on Theocritus, from which the present scholion is taken, seem to go back to the late Hellenistic and early Imperial periods (1st cent. BCE - 2nd cent. CE), but they are preserved only in a much later and strongly abbreviated form: see Dickey 2007, 62-63. Translation 18.22-25: For sure all we which her fellows be, that ran with her the race, Anointed lasses like the lads, Eurótas’ pools beside – O’the four-times threescore maidens that were Sparta’s flower and pride There was none so fair as might compare with Menelaüs’ bride. Scholion: ‘we the whole’: ‘instead of we are all beautiful, if we are not compared to Helen’. The neolaia is surely a group of young (neos) people (laos). It is clear that the Lakonian and Spartiate women had the custom of training in male exercises and races. Translation used John M. Edmonds, The Greek Bucolic Poets (= Loeb Classical Library; 28), Cambridge, MA 1912. Scholion: translation by Alexander Meeus for the Cynisca project. Text Any textual data included in the document 18.22-25: ἄμμες δ᾽ αἱ πᾶσαι συνομάλικες, αἷς δρόμος ωὑτός χρισαμέναις ἀνδριστὶ παρ᾽ Εὐρώταο λοετροῖς, τετράκις ἑξήκοντα κόραι, θῆλυς νεολαία, τᾶν οὐδέν τις ἄμωμος, ἐπεί χ᾽ ῾Ελένᾳ παρισωθῇ. Scholion: ἄμμες γὰρ πᾶσαι: ἀντὶ τοῦ· ἡμεῖς πᾶσαι καλαί ἐσμεν, εἰ μὴ παραβληθείημεν τῇ Ἑλένῃ. ἥ γε μὴν νεολαία ἐστὶ κυρίως ὁ ἐκ νέων λαός. ὅτι δὲ ἔθος εἶχον αἱ Λάκαιναι καὶ αἱ Σπαρτιάτιδες ἀνδρείοις γυμνασίοις καὶ δρόμοις ἀσκεῖσθαι δῆλον. Edition used John M. Edmonds (ed.), The Greek Bucolic Poets (= Loeb Classical Library; 28), Cambridge, MA 1912. Scholion: K. Wendel, Scholia in Theocritum vetera (Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Latinorum Teubneriana), Leipzig 1914. Bibliography E. Dickey, Ancient Greek Scholarship, Oxford 2007. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Theocritus, Idyllia 18.22–25 with the scholion: female athletics in Sparta Type The nature or genre of the resource poetry / scholion Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 4th/3rd century BCE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Theocritus exercise Helena Maiden race neolaia race Sparta Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation I also said it was excellent exercise to mix flour and knead dough; and to shake and fold cloaks and bedclothes; such exercise would give her a better appetite, improve her health, and add natural colour to her cheeks. Translation used Edgar C. Marchant/O.J. Todd, Xenophon in Seven Volumes, vol. 4, Memorabilia, Oeconomicus, Symposium, Apology (= Loeb Classical Library; 168), Cambridge, MA/London 1923. Text Any textual data included in the document ἀγαθὸν δὲ ἔφην εἶναι γυμνάσιον καὶ τὸ δεῦσαι καὶ μάξαι καὶ ἱμάτια καὶ στρώματα ἀνασεῖσαι καὶ συνθεῖναι. γυμναζομένην δὲ ἔφην οὕτως ἂν καὶ ἐσθίειν ἥδιον καὶ ὑγιαίνειν μᾶλλον καὶ εὐχροωτέραν φαίνεσθαι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ. Edition used Edgar C. Marchant/O.J. Todd (eds.), Xenophon in Seven Volumes, vol. 4, Memorabilia, Oeconomicus, Symposium, Apology (= Loeb Classical Library; 168), Cambridge, MA/London 1923. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Xenophon, Oeconomicus 10.11: appropriate forms of female exercise Type The nature or genre of the resource treatise on economics Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ca. 428–354 BCE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Xenophon exercise health women's bodies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation “The women of the guardians, then, must strip, since they will be clothed with virtue as a garment, and must take their part with the men in war and the other duties of civic guardianship and have no other occupation. But in these very duties lighter tasks must be assigned to the women than to the men because of their weakness as a class. But the man who ridicules unclad women, exercising because it is best that they should, ‘plucks the unripe fruit’ of laughter and does not know, it appears, the end of his laughter nor what he would be at. For the fairest thing that is said or ever will be said is this, that the helpful is fair and the harmful foul.” Translation used Paul Shorey, Plato, The Republic, vol. 1, Books I-V (The Loeb Classical Library; 237), Cambridge, MA 1930. Text Any textual data included in the document ἀποδυτέον δὴ ταῖς τῶν φυλάκων γυναιξίν, ἐπείπερ ἀρετὴν ἀντὶ ἱματίων ἀμφιέσονται, καὶ κοινωνητέον πολέμου τε καὶ τῆς ἄλλης φυλακῆς τῆς περὶ τὴν πόλιν, καὶ οὐκ ἄλλα πρακτέον: τούτων δ᾽ αὐτῶν τὰ ἐλαφρότερα ταῖς γυναιξὶν ἢ τοῖς ἀνδράσι δοτέον διὰ τὴν τοῦ γένους ἀσθένειαν. ὁ δὲ γελῶν ἀνὴρ ἐπὶ γυμναῖς γυναιξί, τοῦ βελτίστου ἕνεκα γυμναζομέναις, “ἀτελῆ” τοῦ γελοίου “σοφίας δρέπων καρπόν”, οὐδὲν οἶδεν, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἐφ᾽ ᾧ γελᾷ οὐδ᾽ ὅτι πράττει: κάλλιστα γὰρ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ λέγεται καὶ λελέξεται, ὅτι τὸ μὲν ὠφέλιμον καλόν, τὸ δὲ βλαβερὸν αἰσχρόν. Edition used John Burnet (ed.), Platonis Opera, vol. 4, Tetralogia VIII, Oxford 1902. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Plato, De Re Publica 457a–b: female athletics in Plato’s ideal state Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Plato Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource early-to-mid 420s - 347 BCE exercise female athletics nudity women's bodies