1 10 27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation I, Hipparchia, chose not the tasks of amply-robed woman, but the manly life of the Cynics. Nor do tunics fastened with brooches and thick-soled slippers, and the hair-caul wet with ointment please me, but rather the wallet and its fellow-traveller the staff and the course double mantle suited to them, and a bed strewn on the ground. I shall have a greater name than that of Arcadian Atalanta by so much as wisdom is better than racing over the mountains. Translation used W.R. Paton, The Greek Anthology, vol. 2, Books 7-8 (= Loeb Classical Library; 68), Cambridge, MA 1917. Text Any textual data included in the document Οὐχὶ βαθυστόλμων Ἱππαρχία ἔργα γυναικῶν, τῶν δὲ Κυνῶν ἑλόμαν ῥωμαλέον βίοτον· οὐδέ μοι ἀμπεχόναι περονήτιδες, οὐ βαθύπελμος εὐμαρίς, οὐ λιπόων εὔαδε κεκρύφαλος· οὐλὰς δὲ σκίπωνι συνέμπορος, ἅ τε συνῳδὸς δίπλαξ, καὶ κοίτας βλῆμα χαμαιλεχέος. ἄμμι δὲ Μαιναλίας κάρρων †ἄμιν Ἀταλάντας τόσσον, ὅσον σοφία κρέσσον ὀριδρομίας. Edition used W.R. Paton, The Greek Anthology, vol. 2, Books 7-8 (= Loeb Classical Library; 68), Cambridge, MA 1917. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia Palatina 7.413: Hipparchia compares herself to Atalanta Type The nature or genre of the resource Epigram Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2nd century BCE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Antipater of Sidon Atalanta Cynicism Hipparchia Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation MYRRHINE That's the best advice. Ah, there comes Lampito. Enter LAMPITO. LYSISTRATA Welcome Lampito! Dear Spartan girl with a delightful face, Washed with the rosy spring, how fresh you look In the easy stride of your sleek slenderness, Why you could strangle a bull! LAMPITO I think I could. It's frae exercise and kicking high behint. Translation used Jack Lindsay, Lysistrata by Aristophanes, Sydney 1926. Text Any textual data included in the document Μυρρίνη πολὺ σὺ κάλλιον λέγεις. ἡδὶ δὲ καὶ δὴ Λαμπιτὼ προσέρχεται. Λυσιστράτη ὦ φιλτάτη Λάκαινα χαῖρε Λαμπιτοῖ. οἷον τὸ κάλλος γλυκυτάτη σου φαίνεται. ὡς δ᾽ εὐχροεῖς, ὡς δὲ σφριγᾷ τὸ σῶμά σου. κἂν ταῦρον ἄγχοις. Λαμπιτώ μάλα γ᾽ οἰῶ ναὶ τὼ σιώ: γυμνάδδομαι γὰρ καὶ ποτὶ πυγὰν ἅλλομαι. Edition used Frederick W. Hall/William M. Geldart (eds.), Aristophanis Commoediae, vol. 2, Oxford 1907. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Aristophanes, Lysistrata 77-84: eroticizing female athletics in Sparta Type The nature or genre of the resource Comedy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource between 460 and 450 - 386 BCE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aristophanes bibasis exercise Lampito Lysistrata Myrrhine Sparta Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Commentary The Tyrrhenians are the Etruscans. Athenaeus is quoting the fourth-century BCE historian Theopompus of Chios. Translation And Theopompus, in the forty-third book of his History, states that it is a law among the Tyrrhenians that all their women should be in common: and that the women pay the greatest attention to their persons, and often practise gymnastic exercises, naked, among the men, and sometimes with one another; for that it is not accounted shameful for them to be seen naked. And that they sup not with their own husbands, but with any one who happens to be present; and they pledge whoever they please in their cups: and that they are wonderful women to drink, and very and some. And that the Tyrrhenians bring up all the children that are born, no one knowing to what father each child belongs. Translation used Charles D. Yonge, The Deipnosophists or Banquet of the learned of Athenaeus, London 1854. Text Any textual data included in the document Θεόπομπος δὲ ἐν τῇ τεσσαρακοστῇ τρίτῃ τῶν Ἱστοριῶν καὶ νόμον εἶναί φησιν παρὰ τοῖς Τυρρηνοῖς κοινὰς ὑπάρχειν τὰς γυναῖκας: ταύτας δὲ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι σφόδρα τῶν σωμάτων καὶ γυμνάζεσθαι πολλάκις καὶ μετ᾽ ἀνδρῶν, ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ πρὸς ἑαυτάς: οὐ γὰρ αἰσχρὸν εἶναι αὐταῖς φαίνεσθαι γυμναῖς, δειπνεῖν δὲ αὐτὰς οὐ παρὰ τοῖς ἀνδράσι τοῖς ἑαυτῶν, ἀλλὰ παρ᾽ οἷς ἂν τύχωσι τῶν παρόντων, καὶ προπίνουσιν οἷς ἂν βουληθῶσιν. εἶναι δὲ καὶ πιεῖν δεινὰς καὶ τὰς ὄψεις πάνυ καλάς. τρέφειν δὲ τοὺς Τυρρηνοὺς πάντα τὰ γινόμενα παιδία, οὐκ εἰδότας ὅτου πατρός ἐστιν ἕκαστον. Edition used Charles Burton Gulick (ed.), Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists, vol. 5 ( = Loeb Classical Library; 274), London 1933. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Athenaeus of Naucratis, Deipnosophistae 12.517d-e: condemning the practices of female athletics in Etruria Type The nature or genre of the resource Anecdote collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2nd/3rd century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Athenaeus of Naucratis Etruscans exercise nudity Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation And do not we too, even in the case of inanimate things, prefer what is the most beautiful? The fashion, too, of Sparta is much praised, I mean that of displaying their virgins naked to their guests; and in the island of Chios it is a beautiful sight to go to the gymnasia and the race-courses, and to see the young men wrestling naked with the maidens, who are also naked. Translation used Charles D. Yonge, The Deipnosophists or Banquet of the learned of Athenaeus, London 1854. Text Any textual data included in the document ἡμεῖς δ᾽ οὐχὶ καὶ τῶν ἀψύχων τὰ κάλλιστα προκρίνομεν; ἐπαινεῖται καὶ τῶν Σπαρτιατῶν τὸ ἔθος τὸ γυμνοῦν τὰς παρθένους τοῖς ξένοις. ἐν Χίῳ δὲ τῇ νήσῳ καὶ βαδίζειν ἥδιστόν ἐστιν ἐπὶ τὰ γυμνάσια καὶ τοὺς δρόμους καὶ ὁρᾶν προσπαλαίοντας τοὺς νέους ταῖς κόραις. Edition used Charles Burton Gulick (ed.), Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists, vol. 6 ( = Loeb Classical Library; 327), London 1937. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Athenaeus of Naucratis, Deipnosophistae 13.566e: praising female athletics in Sparta and Chios Type The nature or genre of the resource Anecdote collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2nd/3rd century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Athenaeus of Naucratis Chios gymnasion nudity race Sparta wrestling Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Discourse Translation Accordingly those who gave to Greece the specific form of her governments were in favour of having young men's bodies strengthened by toil; the citizens of Sparta applied the same rule to women, who in all other cities lead a luxorious mode of life and are "sequestered behind the shadow of walls". The Spartans however wished for nothing of that sort in Spartan maids Whose cares are wrestling, sun, Eurotas, dust and toil Of drill far more than barbarous fecundy It follows that the pain sometimes intervenes in these toilsome exercises: the victims are driven on, struck, flung aside or fall, and toil of itself brings a certain callousness to pain. Translation used John E. King, Tusculan Disputations (= Loeb Classical Library; 141), Cambridge, MA 1927. Text Any textual data included in the document itaque illi, qui Graeciae formamrerum publicarum dederunt, corpora iuvenum firmari labore voluerunt; quod Spartiatae etiam in feminas transtulerunt, quae ceteris in urbibus mollissimo cultu parietum umbris occuluntur. illi autem voluerunt nihil horumsimile esse apud Lacaenas vírgines, Quibus magis palaestra Eurota sol pulvís labor Milítia in studio est quám fertilitas bárbara. ergo his laboriosis exercitationibus et dolor intercurrit non numquam, inpelluntur feriuntur abiciuntur cadunt, et ipse labor quasi callum quoddam obducit dolori. Edition used Max Pohlenz (ed.), M. Tulli Ciceronis Tusculanae Disputationes, Leipzig 1918. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cicero, Tusculanae disputationes 2.36: physical education for Spartan women Type The nature or genre of the resource Philosophy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 106-43 BCE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cicero exercise Sparta wrestling Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation Nor are women to be deprived of bodily exercise. But they are not to be encouraged to engage in wrestling or running, but are to exercise themselves in spinning, and weaving, and superintending the cooking if necessary. Translation used William Johnson, The Writings of Clement of Alexandria, vol. 1 (Ante-Nicene Christian Library: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325, vol. 4), Edinburgh 1885. Text Any textual data included in the document Οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα ὑπεξαιρετέον τῆς κατὰ τὸ σῶμα διαπονήσεως τὰς γυναῖκας, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐπὶ πάλην καὶ δρόμους παρακλητέον αὐτάς, ταλασιουργίᾳ δὲ γυμναστέον καὶ ἱστουργίᾳ καὶ τῷ παραστῆναι τῇ πεττούσῃ, εἰ δέοι. Edition used Otto Stählin (ed.), Clemens Alexandrinus, Protrepticus und Paedagogus (Die grieschischen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte), vol. 1, Leipzig 1905. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clemens Alexandrinus, Paedagogus 3.10.49: appropriate forms of female exercise Type The nature or genre of the resource Theology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2nd/3rd century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Clemens Alexandrinus exercise race wrestling Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation Peleus: Thou, thou a man?—Coward, of cowards bred! What part or lot hast thou amongst true men? Thou, by a Phrygian from thy wife divorced, Who leftest hearth and home unbarred, unwarded, As who kept in his halls a virtuous wife,— And she the vilest! Though one should essay, Virtuous could daughter of Sparta never be. They gad abroad with young men from their homes, And with bare thighs and loose disgirdled vesture Race, wrestle with them,—things intolerable To me! And is it wonder-worthy then That ye train not your women to be chaste? Translation used Arthur S. Way, The Tragedies of Euripides in English verse, vol. 2, London 1896. Text Any textual data included in the document Πηλεύς σὺ γὰρ μετ᾽ ἀνδρῶν, ὦ κάκιστε κἀκ κακῶν; σοὶ ποῦ μέτεστιν ὡς ἐν ἀνδράσιν λόγου; ὅστις πρὸς ἀνδρὸς Φρυγὸς ἀπηλλάγης λέχος, ἄκλῃστ᾽ ἄφρουρα δώμαθ᾽ ἑστίας λιπών, ὡς δὴ γυναῖκα σώφρον᾽ ἐν δόμοις ἔχων πασῶν κακίστην. οὐδ᾽ ἂν εἰ βούλοιτό τις σώφρων γένοιτο Σπαρτιατίδων κόρη, αἳ ξὺν νέοισιν ἐξερημοῦσαι δόμους γυμνοῖσι μηροῖς καὶ πέπλοις ἀνειμένοις δρόμους παλαίστρας τ᾽ οὐκ ἀνασχετοὺς ἐμοὶ κοινὰς ἔχουσι. κᾆτα θαυμάζειν χρεὼν εἰ μὴ γυναῖκας σώφρονας παιδεύετε; Edition used Arthur S. Way (ed.), Euripides, vol. 2, Electra. Orestes. Iphigeneia in Taurica. Andromache. Cyclops (= Loeb Classical Library; 10), Cambridge, MA 1912. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Euripides, Andromache 590–601: condemning the practices of female athletics in Sparta Type The nature or genre of the resource Tragedy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 485-406 BCE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Euripides Maiden race race Sparta wrestling Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Translation But there is also an even older concern than this, which also seemed good to Lycurgus the Spartan. So as to supply Sparta with athletes of war, he said: “Let the girls train, and let them practice running in public”. This he undoubtedly did for the quality of the offspring and their begetting better children by having strong bodies themselves. Once she gets married, (a Spartan woman) will not hesitate to carry water and grind grain because she has exercised since her youth. And if she is joined with a young and equally athletic man, she will beget better offspring because they will be tall and strong and healthy. And Sparta became so great in warfare because this was the way their marriages were made. Translation used translation by Alexander Meeus for the Cynisca project Text Any textual data included in the document καίτοι καὶ πρεσβύτερον τούτου, ὃ καὶ Λυκούργῳ ἐδόκει τῷ Σπαρτιάτῃ: παριστάμενος γὰρ τῇ Λακεδαίμονι πολέμου ἀθλητὰς ‘γυμναζέσθων’ φησὶν ‘αἱ κόραι καὶ ἀσκείσθων δημοσίᾳ τρέχειν, ὑπὲρ εὐπαιδίας δήπου καὶ τοῦ τὰ ἔκγονα βελτίω τίκτειν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐῤῥῶσθαι τὸ σῶμα: ἀφικομένη γὰρ ἐς ἀνδρὸς ὑδροφορεῖν οὐκ ὀκνήσει, οὐδὲ ἀλεῖν διὰ τὸ ἠσκῆσθαι ἐκ νέας, εἰ δὲ καὶ νέῳ καὶ συγγυμναζομένῳ συζυγείη, βελτίω τὰ ἔκγονα ἀποδώσει καὶ γὰρ εὐμήκη καὶ ἰσχυρὰ καὶ ἄνοσα.’ καὶ ἐγένετο ἡ Λακεδαίμων τοσαύτη κατὰ πόλεμον, ἐπειδὴ τὰ γαμικὰ αὐτοῖς ὧδε ἔπραττεν. Edition used Carl Ludwig Kayser (ed.), Flavii Philostrati Opera, vol. 2, Leipzig 1871. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flavius Philostratus, De Gymnastica 27: Lycurgus and the introduction of female athletics in Sparta Type The nature or genre of the resource Treatise on Greek athletic history and practic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2nd/3rd century CE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Flavius Philostratus exercise health Lycurgus Maiden race marriage pregnancy race Sparta Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Commentary Philodemus criticizes the Stoics for wanting women to train naked in the gymnasion and run races together with men. Translation (They say that) women should wear the same clothes as men and partake in the same habits, by no means differentiating even once; the racetrack and the gymnasia [. . .] they should be naked and, removing all clothes in the presence of everyone, they should also train together with the men and not cover anything. Translation used translation by Alexander Meeus for the Cynisca project Text Any textual data included in the document τὴν αὐτὴν σ̣τολὴν ἀμ̣πέχεσθαι τοῖς ἀ̣ν̣δράσ̣ιν τὰς γυναῖκα[ς] καὶ τῶν αὐτῶν μετέχ̣[ειν ἐπιτη]δευμ̣άτω̣[ν, πά]ντως δ̣[ὲ μηδʼ] ἅ̣παξ ἀπ̣[η]λλοιῶσ[θαι]· δ[ρόμο]ν ἔ̣τι καὶ γ[υ]μ̣νάσια [. . .]ε[. . .] γυμνὰς εἶναι καὶ [πάντʼ] ἀφαιρούσας ἐναντίον [π]άντων καὶ συνγυμνάζεσ|θαι [τοῖς] ἀνδράσιν μηδὲν ἀπο[κεκρυμμένον] γίνεσθαι Edition used Tizano Dorandi (ed.), ‘Filodemo, Gli Stoici (PHerc. 155 e 339)’, Cronache Ercolanesi 12 (1982) 91-133. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Philodemus, De Stoicis 7, Col. 19.12-22: condemning the attitude of the Stoics toward female athletics Type The nature or genre of the resource Philosophical text Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1st century BCE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Philodemus exercise gymnasion nudity Philosophy race Stoics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discourse Description An account of the resource Ancient authors commenting on women’s engagement in athletics. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source Type Physical type of source Literary source Commentary See also Plato, De Re Publica 451e-452c, for some of the preceding conversation. Translation “You are right,” he said, “that the one sex is far surpassed by the other in everything, one may say. Many women, it is true, are better than many men in many things, but broadly speaking, it is as you say.” “Then there is no pursuit of the administrators of a state that belongs to a woman because she is a woman or to a man because he is a man. But the natural capacities are distributed alike among both creatures, and women naturally share in all pursuits and men in all — yet for all the woman is weaker than the man.” “Assuredly.” “Shall we, then, assign them all to men and nothing to women?” “How could we?” “We shall rather, I take it, say that one woman has the nature of a physician and another not, and one is by nature musical, and another unmusical?” “Surely.” “Can we, then, deny that one woman is naturally athletic and warlike and another unwarlike and averse to gymnastics?” “I think not.” “And again, one a lover, another a hater, of wisdom? And one high-spirited, and the other lacking spirit?” “That also is true.” “Then it is likewise true that one woman has the qualities of a guardian and another not. Were not these the natural qualities of the men also whom we selected for guardians?” “They were.” “The women and the men, then, have the same nature in respect to the guardianship of the state, save in so far as the one is weaker, the other stronger.” “Apparently.” “Women of this kind, then, must be selected to cohabit with men of this kind and to serve with them as guardians since they are capable of it and akin by nature.” “By all means.” “And to the same natures must we not assign the same pursuits?” “The same.” “We come round, then, to our previous statement, and agree that it does not run counter to nature to assign music and gymnastics to the wives of the guardians.” “By all means.” “Our legislation, then, was not impracticable or utopian, since the law we proposed accorded with nature. Rather, the other way of doing things, prevalent today, proves, as it seems, unnatural.” “Apparently.” “The object of our inquiry was the possibility and the desirability of what we were proposing.” “It was.” “That it is possible has been admitted.” “Yes.” “The next point to be agreed upon is that it is the best way.” “Obviously.” Translation used Paul Shorey, Plato, The Republic, vol. 1, Books I-V (The Loeb Classical Library; 237), Cambridge, MA 1930. Text Any textual data included in the document ἀληθῆ, ἔφη, λέγεις, ὅτι πολὺ κρατεῖται ἐν ἅπασιν ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν τὸ γένος τοῦ γένους. γυναῖκες μέντοι πολλαὶ πολλῶν ἀνδρῶν βελτίους εἰς πολλά: τὸ δὲ ὅλον ἔχει ὡς σὺ λέγεις. οὐδὲν ἄρα ἐστίν, ὦ φίλε, ἐπιτήδευμα τῶν πόλιν διοικούντων γυναικὸς διότι γυνή, οὐδ᾽ ἀνδρὸς διότι ἀνήρ, ἀλλ᾽ ὁμοίως διεσπαρμέναι αἱ φύσεις ἐν ἀμφοῖν τοῖν ζῴοιν, καὶ πάντων μὲν μετέχει γυνὴ ἐπιτηδευμάτων κατὰ φύσιν, πάντων δὲ ἀνήρ, ἐπὶ πᾶσι δὲ ἀσθενέστερον γυνὴ ἀνδρός. πάνυ γε. ἦ οὖν ἀνδράσι πάντα προστάξομεν, γυναικὶ δ᾽ οὐδέν; καὶ πῶς; ἀλλ᾽ ἔστι γὰρ οἶμαι, ὡς φήσομεν, καὶ γυνὴ ἰατρική, ἡ δ᾽ οὔ, καὶ μουσική, ἡ δ᾽ ἄμουσος φύσει. τί μήν; καὶ γυμναστικὴ δ᾽ ἄρα οὔ, οὐδὲ πολεμική, ἡ δὲ ἀπόλεμος καὶ οὐ φιλογυμναστική; οἶμαι ἔγωγε. τί δέ; φιλόσοφός τε καὶ μισόσοφος; καὶ θυμοειδής, ἡ δ᾽ ἄθυμός ἐστι; καὶ ταῦτα. ἔστιν ἄρα καὶ φυλακικὴ γυνή, ἡ δ᾽ οὔ. ἢ οὐ τοιαύτην καὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν τῶν φυλακικῶν φύσιν ἐξελεξάμεθα; τοιαύτην μὲν οὖν. καὶ γυναικὸς ἄρα καὶ ἀνδρὸς ἡ αὐτὴ φύσις εἰς φυλακὴν πόλεως, πλὴν ὅσα ἀσθενεστέρα, ἡ δὲ ἰσχυροτέρα ἐστίν. φαίνεται. καὶ γυναῖκες ἄρα αἱ τοιαῦται τοῖς τοιούτοις ἀνδράσιν ἐκλεκτέαι συνοικεῖν τε καὶ συμφυλάττειν, ἐπείπερ εἰσὶν ἱκαναὶ καὶ συγγενεῖς αὐτοῖς τὴν φύσιν. πάνυ γε. τὰ δ᾽ ἐπιτηδεύματα οὐ τὰ αὐτὰ ἀποδοτέα ταῖς αὐταῖς φύσεσιν; τὰ αὐτά. ἥκομεν ἄρα εἰς τὰ πρότερα περιφερόμενοι, καὶ ὁμολογοῦμεν μὴ παρὰ φύσιν εἶναι ταῖς τῶν φυλάκων γυναιξὶ μουσικήν τε καὶ γυμναστικὴν ἀποδιδόναι. παντάπασιν μὲν οὖν. οὐκ ἄρα ἀδύνατά γε οὐδὲ εὐχαῖς ὅμοια ἐνομοθετοῦμεν, ἐπείπερ κατὰ φύσιν ἐτίθεμεν τὸν νόμον: ἀλλὰ τὰ νῦν παρὰ ταῦτα γιγνόμενα παρὰ φύσιν μᾶλλον, ὡς ἔοικε, γίγνεται. ἔοικεν. οὐκοῦν ἡ ἐπίσκεψις ἡμῖν ἦν εἰ δυνατά γε καὶ βέλτιστα λέγοιμεν; ἦν γάρ. καὶ ὅτι μὲν δὴ δυνατά, διωμολόγηται; ναί. ὅτι δὲ δὴ βέλτιστα, τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο δεῖ διομολογηθῆναι; δῆλον. Edition used John Burnet (ed.), Platonis Opera, vol. 4, Tetralogia VIII, Oxford 1902. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Plato, De Re Publica 455d-456c: female athletics in Plato’s ideal state Type The nature or genre of the resource Political Philosophy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource early-to-mid 420s - 347 BCE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Plato education exercise gymnastic musical contest